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Образование в исторической ретроспективе / Education in Historical Retrospective / Bildung in einem historischen Rückblick

Гребешев И.В.

Становление философской педагогики и философии образования персоналистического типа в России в XIX в.

Гребешев Игорь Владимирович, доктор философских наук, профессор кафедры истории философии Российского университета дружбы народов

E-mail: igor.grebeshev@mail.ru

Для выявления особенностей становления отечественной философской педагогики персоналистического типа в России XIX в. в статье реконструируются, анализируются и сопоставляются позиции русских мыслителей славянофильской ориентации, — В.А. Жуковского, В.Ф. Одоевского, И.В. Киреевского, К.С. Аксакова, А.С. Хомякова, Н.И. Пирогова, К.Д. Ушинского, П.Г. Редкина и П.Д. Юркевича. Выявлены особенности общеславянофильского понимания образования, ценность которого в решающей мере определяется органической связью образовательной традиции с общественной и культурной жизнью, с жизнью народа, а любые положительные начинания в сфере образования мыслятся как возможные только вместе с процессом оздоровления всей общественной жизни.

Ключевые слова: воспитание личности, философская педагогика, персонализм, православно-славянская образованность, народное образование, образовательная традиция, национальная традиция воспитания, нравственно-научное просвещение, славянофилы.

Литература

Аксаков К.С. Два слова о народном обучении // Молва. 1857. № 31 (9 ноября). С. 361—363.

Жуковский В.А. Взгляд на землю с неба // Сочинения: В 13 т. 5-е изд. Т. 7: Сочинения в прозе. 1808—1838. СПб.: Придворная типография В. Гаспера, 1849. С. 229—234.

Жуковский В.А. Полное собрание сочинений: В 12 томах. Т. XI: Отрывки из произведений 1845—1850 гг. СПб.: Изд-во А.Ф. Маркса, 1902.

Зеньковский В.В. Русская педагогика в ХХ в. Париж: Изд. Религиозно-педагогического кабинета при Православном Богословском институте в Париже, 1960.

Киреевский И.В. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 1—2. М.: Типография Императорского Московского Университета, 1911.

Никольская А.А. Психолого-педагогические взгляды П.Д. Юркевича // Педагогика. 1993. № 3. С. 58—61.

Одоевский В.Ф. Русские ночи. Ленинград: Наука, 1975.

Одоевский В.Ф. Избранные педагогические сочинения. М.: Учпедгиз, 1955.

Пирогов Н.И. Избранные педагогические сочинения. М.: Педагогика, 1985.

Редкин П.Г. Избранные педагогические сочинения. М.: Мин-во просвещения РСФСР, 1958.

Хомяков А.С. Об общественном воспитании в России // О старом и новом. М.: Современник, 1988. C. 221—239.

Ушинский К.Д. Педагогические сочинения: В 6 т. Т. 5. М.: Педагогика, 1990.

Юркевич П.Д. Курс общей педагогики с приложениями. М.: Типография Грачева и К., 1869.

Bradley J. "The St. Petersburg Literacy Committee and Russian Education: Government Tutelage or Public Trust?." Russian Review 71.2 (2012): 267—294.

Clowes E.W., Kassow S.D., West J.L., eds. Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Egorov S.F. "The Value of a General Education." Russian Education & Society 38.7 (1996): 71—80.

Gagaev P.A. "Westernizers and Slavophiles in Russian Pedagogy." Russian Education & Society 44.9 (2002): 64—74.

Hans N. The Russian Tradition in Education. London: Routledge, 2012.

McNally R. "Against a Friendly Enemy: Ivan Kireevskij." Studies in East European Thought 32.4 (1986): 367—382.

Narskij I. "Intellectuals as Missionaries: The Liberal Opposition in Russia and Their Notion of Culture." Studies in East European Thought 62.3—4 (2010): 331—352.

Pavlov A.T. "University Philosophy in Russia." Russian Studies in Philosophy 42.2 (2003): 6—20.

Plotnikov N. "«The Person Is A Monad With Windows»: Sketch of a Conceptual History of ‘Person’ in Russia." Studies in East European Thought 64.3—4 (2012): 269—299.

Rabow‐Edling S. "The Political Significance of Cultural Nationalism: The Slavophiles and Their Notion of a Russian Enlightenment." Nationalities Papers 32.2 (2004): 441—456.

Roucek J.S. "Pedagogical Theories of Czarist Russia." Educational Theory 4.2 (1954): 139—151.

Sargeant L.M. "Singing the Nation into Being: Teaching Identity and Culture at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." History of Education Quarterly 49.3 (2009): 291—322.

Shaidenko N.A. "The Ideas of Patriotism in the History of Russian Pedagogy." Russian Education & Society 55.3 (2013): 68—80.

Valkanova Y., Brehony K.J. "The Gifts and ‘Contributions’: Friedrich Froebel and Russian Education (1850—1929)." History of Education 35.2 (2006): 189—207.

Zenkovsky V.V. "The Spirit of Russian Orthodoxy." Russian Review 22.1 (1963): 38—55.

Zguta R. "Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, Questions of Life: Diary of an Old Physician." JAMA 268.18 (1992): 2588—2589.

Grebeshev I.V.

Becoming of Philosophical Pedagogics and Philosophy of Education of Personalistic Type in Russia in the XIX Century

Igor V. Grebeshev, D.Phil., Professor, Department of History of Philosophy, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (Moscow)

E-mail: igor.grebeshev@mail.ru

Variety of solutions of educational problems within the philosophical tradition, mainly in the mainstream of the philosophical and anthropological ideas, was widely represented in the experience of Russian metaphysics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the nineteenth century, the theme of education of a person was one of the central in Russian pedagogical thought. It is possible to talk about the constant interest in the problem of metaphysics of personality and personalistic nature of its understanding and solution. Formulation of this problem in Russian philosophy of the 19th century is equally interesting both for modern philosophy, and modern pedagogy, and not only for Russian, but also for world humanitarian thought.

The subjects of my study are philosophical and pedagogical personalistic ideas of several Russian thinkers of Slavophil orientation, such as Vasiliy Zhukovsky, Vladimir Odoevsky, Ivan Kireyevsky, Konstantin Aksakov, Alexey. Khomyakov, Nikolay Pirogov, Konstantin Ushinsky, Petr Redkin and Pamfil Yurkevich. For revealing the essence of their concepts, I use philosophical, discourse and comparative analysis.

In my article, I show that interest to a pedagogical problematic in an essential measure became as a result of reception the appropriate ideas of European enlightenment, and then romanticism in which concepts of education and upbringing of the personality had basic value. In the article determined features common for Slavophil understanding of education. The value of education in this case depends on its organic connection with tradition, public and cultural life, with life of the common people. Any positive undertakings in sphere of education are thought as possible only together with the process of improvement of all public life. Slavophils called for conservative caution during any reforms to avoid the destruction of living tissue of the centuries-old tradition.

I conclude that already in the second half of XIX century Russian experience of philosophical pedagogics and education in greater and greater degree starts to get character of personalistic philosophizing appropriate to spirit of Russian culture. In 20th century this initiative will receive continuation in works of Russian philosophers and psychologists, first of all, in concepts of ‘philosophy of education’ by S.I. Gessen and ‘psychology of upbringing’ by V.V. Zenkovsky.

Keywords: education of the person, philosophical pedagogics, personalism, Orthodox Slavic scholarship, national education, educational tradition, moral and scientific public education, Slavophils.

References:

Aksakov K.S. "Two Words about Folk Teaching." Rumor [Moscow] 9 Nov. 1857: 361—363. (In Russian).

Bradley J. "The St. Petersburg Literacy Committee and Russian Education: Government Tutelage or Public Trust?." Russian Review 71.2 (2012): 267—294.

Clowes E.W., Kassow S.D., West J.L., eds. Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

Egorov S.F. "The Value of a General Education." Russian Education & Society 38.7 (1996): 71—80.

Gagaev P.A. "Westernizers and Slavophiles in Russian Pedagogy." Russian Education & Society 44.9 (2002): 64—74.

Hans N. The Russian Tradition in Education. London: Routledge, 2012.

Khomyakov A.S. "About Social Education in Russia." About Old and New. Moscow: Sovremennik Publisher, 1988, pp. 221—239. (In Russian).

Kireevsky I.V. Complete Writings. Moscow: Typography of Moscow Imperial University Publisher, 1911, vols. 1—2. (In Russian).

McNally R. "Against a Friendly Enemy: Ivan Kireevskij." Studies in East European Thought 32.4 (1986): 367—382.

Narskij I. "Intellectuals as Missionaries: The Liberal Opposition in Russia and Their Notion of Culture." Studies in East European Thought 62.3—4 (2010): 331—352.

Nikolskaya A.A. "P.D. Yurkevich’s Psychological and Pedagogical Views." Pedagogics 3 (1993): 58—61. (In Russian).

Odoevsky V.F. Russian Nights. Leningrad: Nauka Publisher, 1975. (In Russian).

Odoevsky V.F. Selected Pedagogical Writings. Moscow: Uchpedgiz Publisher, 1955. (In Russian).

Pavlov A.T. "University Philosophy in Russia." Russian Studies in Philosophy 42.2 (2003): 6—20.

Pirogov N.I. Selected Pedagogical Writings. Moscow: Pedagogika Publisher, 1985.

Plotnikov N. "«The Person Is A Monad With Windows»: Sketch of a Conceptual History of ‘Person’ in Russia." Studies in East European Thought 64.3—4 (2012): 269—299.

Rabow‐Edling S. "The Political Significance of Cultural Nationalism: The Slavophiles and Their Notion of a Russian Enlightenment." Nationalities Papers 32.2 (2004): 441—456.

Redkin P.G. Selected Pedagogical Writings. Moscow: Ministry of Education of RSFSR Publisher, 1958. (In Russian).

Roucek J.S. "Pedagogical Theories of Czarist Russia." Educational Theory 4.2 (1954): 139—151.

Sargeant L.M. "Singing the Nation into Being: Teaching Identity and Culture at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." History of Education Quarterly 49.3 (2009): 291—322.

Shaidenko N.A. "The Ideas of Patriotism in the History of Russian Pedagogy." Russian Education & Society 55.3 (2013): 68—80.

Ushinsky K.D. Pedagogical Writings. Moscow: Pedagogika Publisher, 1990. (In Russian).

Valkanova Y., Brehony K.J. "The Gifts and ‘Contributions’: Friedrich Froebel and Russian Education (1850—1929)." History of Education 35.2 (2006): 189—207.

Yurkevich P.D. Course of General Pedagogics with Applications. Moscow: Typography of Grachev & Co., 1869. (In Russian).

Zenkovsky V.V. "The Spirit of Russian Orthodoxy." Russian Review 22.1 (1963): 38—55.

Zenkovsky V.V. Russian Pedagogics in 20^th c. Paris: Religious and Pedagogics Cabinet under the Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris Publisher, 1960. (In Russian).

Zguta R. "Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, Questions of Life: Diary of an Old Physician." JAMA 268.18 (1992): 2588—2589.

Zhukovsky V.A. "A Look at the Earth from the Sky." Writings. Volume 7: Essays in Prose. 1808—1838. St. Petersburg: The court typography B. Gasper Publisher, 1849, pp. 229—234. (In Russian).

Zhukovsky V.A. Complete Writings. Volume XI: Excerpts from the Works of 1845—1850's. St. Petersburg: A.F. Marx Publisher, 1902. (In Russian).

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